REVIEW PAPER
Menstrual cycle and athletic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis
1
Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
2
Sport Physical Activity and Health Research and Innovation Center (SPRINT), Coimbra, Portugal
3
Polytechnic University of Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
4
CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa Portugal
5
Medical Department Wojciech Korfanty, Upper Silesian Academy, Katowice, Poland
6
Provita Żory Medical Center, Żory, Poland
7
Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
8
Sport Physical Activity and Health Research and Innovation Center (SPRINT), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Submission date: 2025-07-14
Acceptance date: 2026-01-14
Online publication date: 2026-06-03
Publication date: 2026-06-23
Corresponding author
Ana Filipa Silva
Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
Hum Mov. 2026;27(2):11-32
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the influence of menstrual cycle (MC) phases on physical fitness components in eumenorrhoeic women to inform training practices.
Methods:
Studies including eumenorrhoeic women aged ≥ 18 years comparing different MC phases, with the early follicular phase as reference, were included. Data were extracted for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), anaerobic power, knee extensor and flexor strength, sprint, and jumping performance. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted RoB 2.0 tool. Standardised mean differences were meta-analysed using a random-effects model; heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated. Meta-regression assessed MC phase as a moderator.
Results:
From 15,423 records screened, 91 studies met the inclusion criteria, and 24 were included in the meta-analysis. VO2max was significantly lower during the early follicular phase compared to other phases [SMD = –0.28, 95% CI (–0.40, –0.15)]. Sprint time was higher (worse) in the early follicular phase versus the ovulatory and late follicular phases [SMD = 0.25, 95% CI (0.02, 0.48)]. No consistent significant differences were found for anaerobic power, knee strength, or jumping performance. Heterogeneity varied across outcomes; some strength analyses required the exclusion of influential studies. MC phase was not a significant moderator for any outcome. The certainty of evidence was low for all outcomes.
Conclusions:
These findings suggest VO2max and sprint performance may decrease during the early follicular phase, but conclusions are limited due to low evidence certainty. Other fitness components showed no consistent influence from MC phases.
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the influence of menstrual cycle (MC) phases on physical fitness components in eumenorrhoeic women to inform training practices.
Methods:
Studies including eumenorrhoeic women aged ≥ 18 years comparing different MC phases, with the early follicular phase as reference, were included. Data were extracted for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), anaerobic power, knee extensor and flexor strength, sprint, and jumping performance. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted RoB 2.0 tool. Standardised mean differences were meta-analysed using a random-effects model; heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated. Meta-regression assessed MC phase as a moderator.
Results:
From 15,423 records screened, 91 studies met the inclusion criteria, and 24 were included in the meta-analysis. VO2max was significantly lower during the early follicular phase compared to other phases [SMD = –0.28, 95% CI (–0.40, –0.15)]. Sprint time was higher (worse) in the early follicular phase versus the ovulatory and late follicular phases [SMD = 0.25, 95% CI (0.02, 0.48)]. No consistent significant differences were found for anaerobic power, knee strength, or jumping performance. Heterogeneity varied across outcomes; some strength analyses required the exclusion of influential studies. MC phase was not a significant moderator for any outcome. The certainty of evidence was low for all outcomes.
Conclusions:
These findings suggest VO2max and sprint performance may decrease during the early follicular phase, but conclusions are limited due to low evidence certainty. Other fitness components showed no consistent influence from MC phases.
REFERENCES (84)
1.
Carmichael MA, Thomson RL, Moran LJ, Wycherley TP. The impact of menstrual cycle phase on athletes’ performance: a narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1667; doi:10.3390/ijerph18041667.
2.
Reed BG, Carr BR. The normal menstrual cycle and the control of ovulation. In: Feingold KR (ed.), Endotext. Comprehensive Free Online Endocrinology Book. South Dartmouth: MDText.com Inc.; 2000. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/... (accessed 03.03.2025).
3.
Pitchers G, Elliott-Sale K. Considerations for coaches training female athletes. Prof Strength Cond. 2019;55:19–30.
4.
Barriga-Pooley P, Brantes-Glavic S. Normal menstrual cycle. In: Lutsenko OI (ed.) Menstrual Cycle. London: IntechOpen; 2018; doi: 10.5772/intechopen.79876.
5.
Armour M, Parry KA, Steel K, Smith CA. Australian female athlete perceptions of the challenges associated with training and competing when menstrual symptoms are present. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2020;15(3):316–23; doi: 10.1177/1747954120916073.
6.
Critchley HOD, Maybin JA, Armstrong GM, Williams ARW. Physiology of the endometrium and regulation of menstruation. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):1149–79; doi: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2019.
7.
Bruinvels G, Burden RJ, McGregor AJ, Ackerman KE, Dooley M, Richards T, Pedlar C. Sport, exercise and the menstrual cycle: where is the research?. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(6):487–8; doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096279.
8.
Findlay RJ, Macrae EHR, Whyte IY, Easton C, Forrest (née Whyte) LJ. How the menstrual cycle and menstruation affect sporting performance: experiences and perceptions of elite female rugby players. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(18):1108–13; doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101486.
9.
Solli GS, Sandbakk SB, Noordhof DA, Ihalainen JK, Sandbakk Ø. Changes in self-reported physical fitness, performance, and side effects across the phases of the menstrual cycle among competitive endurance athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020;15(9):1324–33; doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0616.
10.
Soumpasis I, Grace B, Johnson S. Real-life insights on menstrual cycles and ovulation using big data. Hum Reprod Open. 2020;2020(2); doi: 10.1093/hropen/hoaa011.
11.
Verrilli L, Blanchard H, Landry M, Stanic A. Prevalence and predictors of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea in division 1 female athletes. Fertil Steril. 2018;110(4):e245; doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.07.702.
12.
Dadgostar H, Razi M, Aleyasin A, Alenabi T, Dahaghin S. The relation between athletic sports and prevalence of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea in Iranian female athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2009;1(1):16; doi: 10.1186/1758-2555-1-16.
13.
Larsen B, Morris K, Quinn K, Osborne M, Minahan C. Practice does not make perfect: a brief view of athletes’ knowledge on the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives. J Sci Med Sport. 2020;23(8):690–4; doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.003.
14.
Martin D, Sale C, Cooper SB, Elliott-Sale KJ. Period prevalence and perceived side effects of hormonal contraceptive use and the menstrual cycle in elite athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018;13(7):926–32; doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0330.
15.
Bunt JC. Metabolic actions of estradiol: significance for acute and chronic exercise responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(3):286–90.
16.
Draper CE, Tomaz SA, Stone M, Hinkley T, Jones RA, Louw J, Twine R, Kahn K, Norris SA. Developing intervention strategies to optimise body composition in early childhood in South Africa. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:5283457; doi: 10.1155/2017/5283457. PMID:28194417.
17.
Zhang Y, Alonso-Coello P, Guyatt GH, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Akl EA, Hazlewood G, Prado-Hernandez H, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Qaseem A, Williams JW, Tugwell P, Flottorp S, Chang Y, Zhang Y, Mustafa RA, Rojas MX, Schunemann HJ. GRADE Guidelines: 19. Assessing the certainty of evidence in the importance of outcomes or values and preferences – risk of bias and indirectness. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;111:94–104; doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.01.013.
18.
Lane A, O’Leary C, Hackney A. Menstrual cycle phase effects free testosterone responses to prolonged aerobic exercise. Acta Physiol Hung. 2015;102(3):336–41; doi: 10.1556/036.102.2015.3.11.
19.
Emmonds S, Heyward O, Jones B. The challenge of applying and undertaking research in female sport. Sports Med Open. 2019;5(1):51; doi: 10.1186/s40798-019-0224-x.
20.
Costello JT, Bieuzen F, Bleakley CM. Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research?. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14(8):847–51; doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.911354.
21.
Draper CF, Duisters K, Weger B, Chakrabarti A, Harms AC, Brennan L, Hankemeier T, Goulet L, Konz T, Martin FP, Moco S, van der Greef J. Menstrual cycle rhythmicity: metabolic patterns in healthy women. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):14568; doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32647-0.
22.
Ansdell P, Brownstein CG, Škarabot J, Hicks KM, Simoes DCM, Thomas K, Howatson G, Hunter SH, Goodall S. Menstrual cycle-associated modulations in neuromuscular function and fatigability of the knee extensors in eumenorrheic women. J Appl Physiol. 2019;126(6):1701–12; doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01041.2018.
23.
Hampson E. Estrogen-related variations in human spatial and articulatory-motor skills. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1990;15(2):97–111; doi: 10.1016/0306-4530(90)90018-5.
24.
Shepherd JE. Effects of estrogen on cognition, mood, and degenerative brain diseases. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2001;41(2):221–8; doi: 10.1016/S1086-5802(16)31233-5.
25.
Constantini NW, Dubnov G, Lebrun CM. The menstrual cycle and sport performance. Clin Sports Med. 2005;24(2):e51–82; doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2005.01.003.
26.
Cook CJ, Kilduff LP, Crewther BT. Basal and stress-induced salivary testosterone variation across the menstrual cycle and linkage to motivation and muscle power. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(4):1345–53; doi: 10.1111/sms.13041.
27.
Guo, H, Dong, X, Zhang J. Hormone levels at different menstrual cycle phases and changes of athletic performance in female athletes. Chin J Tissue Eng Res. 2005;53:188–190.
28.
Tasmektepligil MY, Agaoglu SA, Turkmen L, Turkmen M. The motor performance and some physical characteristics of the sportswomen and sedentary lifestyle women during menstrual cycle. Arch Budo. 2010;6(4):195–203.
29.
Juillard E, Douchet T, Paizis C, Babault N. Impact of the menstrual cycle on physical performance and subjective ratings in elite academy women soccer players. Sports. 2024;12(1):16; doi: 10.3390/sports12010016.
30.
Assis GG de, de Sousa MBC, Murawska-Ciałowicz E. Sex steroids and brain-derived neurotrophic factor interactions in the nervous system: a comprehensive review of scientific data. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(6):2532; doi: 10.3390/ijms26062532.
31.
Akturk M, Toruner F, Aslan S, Altinova AE, Cakir N, Elbeg S, Arslan M. Circulating insulin and leptin in women with and without premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the menstrual cycle. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2013;29(5):465–9; doi: 10.3109/09513590.2013.769512.
32.
Szmuilowicz ED, Adler GK, Williams JS, Green DE, Yao TM, Hopkins PN, Seely EW. Relationship between aldosterone and progesterone in the human menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(10):3981–7; doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-1154.
33.
Fruzzetti F, Lello S, Lazzarini V, Fratta S, Orrù M, Sorge R, Minerba L, Ricci C, Genazzani AR, Melis GB, Paoletti AM. The oral contraceptive containing 30 microg of ethinylestradiol plus 3 mg of drospirenone is able to antagonize the increase of extracellular water occurring in healthy young women during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle: an observational study. Contraception. 2007;75(3):199–203; doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2006.10.011.
34.
McNulty KL, Elliott-Sale KJ, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Ansdell P, Goodall S, Thomas K, Hicks KM. The effects of menstrual cycle phase on exercise performance in eumenorrheic women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2020;50(10):1813–27; doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01319-3.
35.
Blagrove RC, Bruinvels G, Pedlar CR. Variations in strength-related measures during the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2020;23(12):1220–7; doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.04.022.
36.
Thompson B, Almarjawi A, Sculley D, Janse de Jonge XAK. The effect of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on acute responses and chronic adaptations to resistance training: a systematic review of the literature. Sports Med. 2020;50(1):171–85; doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01219-1.
37.
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hrobjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Mohoer D. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71; doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71.
38.
McKay AKA, Stellingwerff T, Smith ES, Martin DT, Mujika I, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Sheppard J, Burke LM. Defining training and performance caliber: a participant classification framework. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(2):317–31; doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0451.
39.
Knapp G, Hartung J. Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. Stat Med. 2003;22(17):2693–710; doi: 10.1002/sim.1482.
40.
Hedges LV., Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. San Diego: Academic Press; 1985.
41.
Cochran WG. The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics. 1954;10(1):101; doi: 10.2307/3001666.
42.
Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1994;50(4):1088; doi: 10.2307/2533446.
43.
Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629–34; doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629.
44.
Higgins JPT, Thomas J (eds.) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 2nd ed. Chichester: Cochrane; 2021.
45.
Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36:1–48.
46.
Afonso J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Clemente FM, Büttner FC, Andrade R. The perils of misinterpreting and misusing “publication bias” in meta-analyses: an education review on funnel plot-based methods. Sports Med. 2024;54(2):257–69; doi: 10.1007/s40279-023-01927-9.
47.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Sultan S, Glasziou P, Akl EA, Alonso-Coello P, Atkins D, Kunz R, Brozek J, Montori V, Jaeschke R, Rind D, Dahm P, Meerpohl J, Vist G, Berliner E, Norris S, Falck-Ytter Y, Murad MH, Schunemann HJ, GRADE working group GRADE guidelines: 9. Rating up the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1311–6; doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.06.004.
48.
Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, Vist GE, Flack-Ytter Y, Meerpohl J, Norris S, Guyatt GH. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):401–6; doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015.
49.
Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, Norris S, Falck-Ytter Y, Glasziou P, DeBeer H, Jaeschke R, Rind D, Meerpohl J, Dahm P, Schunemann HJ. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction – GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383–94; doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026.
50.
Schünemann HJ, Cuello C, Akl EA, Mustafa RA, Meerpohl JJ, Thayer K, Morgan RL, Gartlehner G, Kunz R, Katikireddi SV, Sterne J, Higgins JP, Guyatt G, GRADE working group. GRADE guidelines: 18. How ROBINS-I and other tools to assess risk of bias in nonrandomized studies should be used to rate the certainty of a body of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;111:105–14; doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.01.012.
51.
Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso-Coello P, Rind D, Devereaux PJ, Montori VM, Freyschuss B, Vist G, Jaeschke R, Williams Jr JW, Murad MH, Sinclair D, Falck-Ytter Y, Meerpohl J, Whittington C, Thorlund K, Andrews J, Schunemanna HJ. Corrigendum to GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence-imprecision. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;137:265; doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.04.014.
52.
Dean TM, Perreault L, Mazzeo RS, Horton TJ. No effect of menstrual cycle phase on lactate threshold. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(6):2537–43; doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00672.2003.
53.
Ruiz-Alias SA, Pérez-Castilla A, Marcos-Blanco A, Moreno-Ortega C, Fernández-Navarrete I, García-Pinillos F. The variability of the components of fitness along the menstrual cycle. Int J Sports Med. 2024;45(05):343–8; doi: 10.1055/a-2192-8631.
54.
De Souza MJ, Maguire MS, Rubin KR, Maresh CM. Effects of menstrual phase and amenorrhea on exercise performance in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(5):575–80; doi: 10.1249/00005768-199010000-00006.
55.
Ekberg S, Morseth B, Larsén KB, Wikström-Frisén L. Does the menstrual cycle influence aerobic capacity in endurance-trained women?. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2024;95(3):609–16; doi: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2291473.
56.
Oğul A, Ercan S, Ergan M, İnce Parpucu T, Çetin C. The effect of menstrual cycle phase on multiple performance test parameters. Turk J Sports Med. 2021;56(4):159–65; doi: 10.47447/tjsm.0552.
57.
Taipale-Mikkonen RS, Raitanen A, Hackney AC, Solli GS, Valtonen M, Peltonen H, McGawley K, Kyrolainen H, Ihalainen JK. Influence of menstrual cycle or hormonal contraceptive phase on physiological variables monitored during treadmill testing. Front Physiol. 2021;12; doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.761760.
58.
Masterson G. The impact of menstrual phases on anaerobic power performance in collegiate women. J Strength Cond Res. 1999;13(4):325–9; doi: 10.1519/1533-4287(1999)013<0325:TIOMPO>2.0.CO;2.
59.
Yapici-Oksuzoglu A, Egesoy H. The effect of menstrual cycle on anaerobic power and jumping performance. Ped Phys Cult Sports. 2021;25(6):367–72; doi: 10.15561/26649837.2021.0605.
60.
Tsampoukos A, Peckham EA, James R, Nevill ME. Effect of menstrual cycle phase on sprinting performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(4):659–67; doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1384-z.
61.
Giacomoni M, Bernard T, Gavarry O, Altare S, Falgairette G. Influence of the menstrual cycle phase and menstrual symptoms on maximal anaerobic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(2):486–92; doi: 10.1097/00005768-200002000-00034.
62.
Arazi H, Nasiri S, Eghbali E. Is there a difference toward strength, muscular endurance, anaerobic power and hormonal changes between the three phase of the menstrual cycle of active girls?. Apunts Sports Med. 2019;54(202):65–72; doi: 10.1016/j.apunts.2018.11.001.
63.
Bambaeichi E, Reilly T, Cable NT, Giacomoni M. The isolated and combined effects of menstrual cycle phase and time-of-day on muscle strength of eumenorrheic females. Chronobiol Int. 2004;21(4–5):645–60; doi: 10.1081/CBI-120039206.
64.
Thompson BM, Drover KB, Stellmaker RJ, Sculley DV, Janse de Jonge XAK. The Effect of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive cycle on muscle performance and perceptual measures. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(20):10565; doi: 10.3390/ijerph182010565.
65.
Dibrezzo R, Fort IL, Brown B. Dynamic strength and work variations during three stages of the menstrual cycle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1988;10(4):113–6; doi: 10.2519/jospt.1988.10.4.113.
66.
Vieira Sousa M, Dellagrana RA, Lunardi M, Rossato M, de Brito Fontana H, de la Rocha Freitas C. Muscular performance and perceptual responses in trained women: effect of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives. Sci Sports. 2024;39(5–6):507–15; doi: 10.1016/j.scispo.2023.08.006.
67.
Montgomery MM, Shultz SJ. Isometric knee-extension and knee-flexion torque production during early follicular and postovulatory phases in recreationally active women. J Athl Train. 2010;45(6):586–93; doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-45.6.586.
68.
Weidauer L, Zwart MB, Clapper J, Albert J, Vukovich M, Specker B. Neuromuscular performance changes throughout the menstrual cycle in physically active females. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2020;20(3):314–24.
69.
Nagahori H, Shida N. Relationship between muscle flexibility and characteristics of muscle contraction in healthy women during different menstrual phases. Phys Ther Res. 2022;25(2):E10173; doi: 10.1298/ptr.E10173.
70.
Piñas Bonilla I, Abian Vicen P, Bravo Sánchez A, Ramírez de la Cruz M, Jiménez Díaz JF, Vicen JA. Influence of the menstrual cycle on physical and cognitive performance in eumenorrheic women. Arch Med Deporte. 2023;40(3):131–8.
71.
Smith ES, Weakley J, McKay AKA, McCormick R, Tee N, Kuikman MA, Harris R, Minhan C, Buxton S, Skinner J, Ackerman KE, Elliot-Sale KJ, Stellingwerff T, Bruke LM. Minimal influence of the menstrual cycle or hormonal contraceptives on performance in female rugby league athletes. Eur J Sport Sci. 2024;24(8):1067–78; doi: 10.1002/ejsc.12151.
72.
Campa F, Micheli ML, Pompignoli M, Cannataro R, Gulisano M, Toselli S, Greco G, Coratella G. The influence of menstrual cycle on bioimpedance vector patterns, performance, and flexibility in elite soccer players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(1):58–66; doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0135.
73.
Jurkowski JEH, Jones NL, Toews CJ, Sutton JR. Effects of menstrual cycle on blood lactate, O2 delivery, and performance during exercise. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1981;51(6):1493–9; doi: 10.1152/jappl.1981.51.6.1493.
74.
Bouvier J, Igonin PH, Boithias M, Fouré A, Belli A, Boisseau N, Martin C. The squat jump and sprint force–velocity profiles of elite female football players are not influenced by the menstrual cycle phases and oral contraceptive use. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2025; doi: 10.1007/s00421-025-05723-3.
75.
García-Pinillos F, Bujalance-Moreno P, Lago-Fuentes C, Ruiz-Alias SA, Domínguez-Azpíroz I, Mecías-Calvo M, Ramirez-Campillo R. Effects of the menstrual cycle on jumping, sprinting and force-velocity profiling in resistance-trained women: a preliminary study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4830; doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094830.
76.
Julian R, Hecksteden A, Fullagar HHK, Meyer T. The effects of menstrual cycle phase on physical performance in female soccer players. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(3); doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173951.
77.
Morenas-Aguilar MD, Cupeiro R, Fernandes JFT, Janicijevic D, Garcia-Ramos A. The menstrual cycle does not influence vertical jump performance or throwing velocity in amateur team handball players. Sci Sports. 2023;38(2):211–5; doi: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.02.008.
78.
Osmani F, Terán-Fernández D, Alonso-Pérez S, Ruiz-Alias SA, García-Pinillos F, Lago-Fuentes C. Can women maintain their strength performance along the menstrual cycle?. Appl Sci. 2024;14(21); doi: 10.3390/app14219818.
79.
Miller VM, Duckles SP. Vascular actions of estrogens: functional implications. Pharmacol Rev. 2008;60(2):210–41; doi: 10.1124/pr.107.08002.
80.
Novella S, Pérez-Cremades D, Mompeón A, Hermenegildo C. Mechanisms underlying the influence of oestrogen on cardiovascular physiology in women. J Physiol. 2019;597(19):4873–86; doi: 10.1113/JP278063.
81.
Boisseau N, Isacco L. Substrate metabolism during exercise: sexual dimorphism and women’s specificities. Eur J Sport Sci. 2022;22(5):672–83; doi: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1943713.
82.
Hackney AC. Menstrual cycle hormonal changes and energy substrate metabolism in exercising women: a perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(19):10024; doi: 10.3390/ijerph181910024.
83.
Oosthuyse T, Strauss JA, Hackney AC. Understanding the female athlete: molecular mechanisms underpinning menstrual phase differences in exercise metabolism. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2023; doi: 10.1007/s00421-022-05090-3.
84.
González-Orozco JC, Camacho-Arroyo I. Progesterone actions during central nervous system development. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:503; doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00503.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1899-1955 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
