ORIGINAL PAPER
Effectiveness of warm-up with lower limb wearable resistance on sprint performance and perceived exertion in adolescent soccer players: a crossover study
1
Research Laboratory “Sport Performance, Health and Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
2
Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
3
Department of Physical Education of Sports Teaching, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
4
São Paulo State University, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
5
Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
6
School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
7
Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Canada
8
Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Medical School, Parma, Italy
Submission date: 2024-07-29
Acceptance date: 2025-12-01
Online publication date: 2026-03-04
Corresponding author
Halil İbrahim Ceylan
Department of Physical Education of Sports Teaching, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
Department of Physical Education of Sports Teaching, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
KEYWORDS
post-activity performance enhancementsrating of perceived exertionspeedteam sportsoccer match playyouth
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a wearable resistance (WR) warm-up applied to the lower limbs as a preconditioning strategy for enhancing sprint performance in adolescent soccer players.
Methods:
Twenty elite male soccer players (< 15 years old) were randomly assigned to either a passive rest control group or one of three WR warm-up conditions: no load (WR-0), 5% body mass (WR-5), and 10% body mass (WR-10). The WR warm-up was conducted after a 20-m sprint task with the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) assessment. Other sprint tasks with RPE were conducted after the WR warm-up (before the game) and at the 5th and 45th min of the soccer game.
Results:
The WR-0, WR-5, and WR-10 groups exhibited significantly higher RPE values post-WR warm-up than the control group (p = 0.02). At the 5th min of the game, the WR-5 and WR-10 groups reported significantly higher RPE values than the WR-0 and control groups (p = 0.001). Regarding sprint performance, the control and WR-0 groups recorded higher sprint times than the WR-5 and WR-10 groups at both the 5th min (p = 0.049) and the 45th min (p = 0.04) of play.
Conclusions:
Preconditioning with a 5–10% body mass WR effectively enhances sprint performance in adolescent soccer players. Furthermore, incorporating a WR warm-up routine can optimise sprint performance without overloading adolescent athletes during training sessions.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a wearable resistance (WR) warm-up applied to the lower limbs as a preconditioning strategy for enhancing sprint performance in adolescent soccer players.
Methods:
Twenty elite male soccer players (< 15 years old) were randomly assigned to either a passive rest control group or one of three WR warm-up conditions: no load (WR-0), 5% body mass (WR-5), and 10% body mass (WR-10). The WR warm-up was conducted after a 20-m sprint task with the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) assessment. Other sprint tasks with RPE were conducted after the WR warm-up (before the game) and at the 5th and 45th min of the soccer game.
Results:
The WR-0, WR-5, and WR-10 groups exhibited significantly higher RPE values post-WR warm-up than the control group (p = 0.02). At the 5th min of the game, the WR-5 and WR-10 groups reported significantly higher RPE values than the WR-0 and control groups (p = 0.001). Regarding sprint performance, the control and WR-0 groups recorded higher sprint times than the WR-5 and WR-10 groups at both the 5th min (p = 0.049) and the 45th min (p = 0.04) of play.
Conclusions:
Preconditioning with a 5–10% body mass WR effectively enhances sprint performance in adolescent soccer players. Furthermore, incorporating a WR warm-up routine can optimise sprint performance without overloading adolescent athletes during training sessions.
REFERENCES (33)
1.
Carling C, Le Gall F, Dupont G. Analysis of repeated high-intensity running performance in professional soccer. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(4):325–36; doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.652655.
2.
Franco-Márquez F, Rodríguez-Rosell D, González-Suárez JM, Pareja-Blanco F, Mora-Custodio R, Yañez-García JM, González-Badillo JJ. Effects of combined resistance training and plyometrics on physical performance in young soccer players. Int J Sports Med. 2015;36(11):906–14; doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1548890.
3.
Nikolaidis PT, Ruano MAG, De Oliveira NC, Portes LA, Freiwald J, Lepretre PM, Knechtle B. Who runs the fastest? Anthropometric and physiological correlates of 20 m sprint performance in male soccer players. Res Sports Med. 2016;24(4):341–51; doi: 10.1080/15438627.2016.1222281.
4.
Haugen TA, Tønnessen E, Seiler S. Speed and countermovement-jump characteristics of elite female soccer players, 1995–2010. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2012;7(4):340–9; doi: 10.1123/ijspp.7.4.340.
5.
Haugen TA, Tønnessen E, Hisdal J, Seiler S. The role and development of sprinting speed in soccer. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2014;9(3):432–41; doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0121.
6.
Faude O, Koch T, Meyer T. Straight sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional football. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(7):625–31; doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.665940.
7.
Bustos A, Metral G, Cronin J, Uthoff A, Dolcetti J. Effects of warming up with lower-body wearable resistance on physical performance measures in soccer players over an 8-week training cycle. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(5):1220–26; doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003498.
8.
Hodgson M, Docherty D, Robbins D. Post-activation potentiation: underlying physiology and implications for motor performance. Sports Med. 2005;35(7):585–95; doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535070-00004.
9.
Blazevich AJ, Babault N. Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance enhancement in humans: historical perspective, underlying mechanisms, and current issues. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1359; doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01359.
10.
Cuenca-Fernández F, Smith IC, Jordan MJ, MacIntosh BR, López-Contreras G, Arellano R, Herzog W. Nonlocalized postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects in trained athletes: a pilot study. App Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017;42(10):1122–25; doi: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0217.
11.
Promsri A, Deedphimai S, Promthep P, Champamuang C. Effects of different wearable resistance placements on running stability. Sports. 2024;12(2):45; doi: 10.3390/sports12020045.
12.
Uthoff A, Bustos A, Metral G, Cronin J, Dolcetti J, Rumpf MC. Does warming up with wearable resistance influence internal and external training load in national level soccer players? Sports Health. 2022;14(1):92–8; doi: 10.1177/19417381211055696.
13.
Macadam P, Cronin JB, Simperingham KD. The effects of wearable resistance training on metabolic, kinematic and kinetic variables during walking, running, sprint running and jumping: a systematic review. Sports Medi. 2017;47(5):887–96; doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0622-x.
14.
Macadam P, Simperingham KD, Cronin JB. Forearm wearable resistance effects on sprint kinematics and kinetics. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(3):348–52; doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.012.
15.
Hammami A, Gabbett TJ, Slimani M, Bouhlel E. Does small-sided games training improve physical fitness and team-sport-specific skills? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58(10):1446–55; doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07420-5.
16.
Feser EH, Macadam P, Cronin JB. The effects of lower limb wearable resistance on sprint running performance: a systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci. 2020;20(3):394–406; doi: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1629631.
17.
Boullosa D. Post-activation performance enhancement strategies in sport: a brief review for practitioners. Hum Mov. 2021;22(3):101–9; doi: 10.5114/hm.2021.103280.
18.
Del Vecchio L, Stanton R, Macgregor C, Humphries B, Borges N. Effects of a six-week strength and power training program on punching and kicking impact power in amateur male combat athletes: a pilot study. J Athl Enhanc. 2019; 8:1; doi: 10.4172/2324-9080.1000316.
19.
Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175–91; doi: 10.3758/bf03193146.
20.
Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Hughes MG, Williams CA. Reliability and validity of field-based measures of leg stiffness and reactive strength index in youths. J Sports Sci. 2009;27(14):1565–73; doi: 10.1080/02640410903311572.
21.
Turki O, Dhahbi W, Gueid S, Hmaied S, Souaifi M, Khalifa R. Dynamic warm-up with a weighted vest: improvement of repeated change-of-direction performance in young male soccer players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020;15(2):196–203; doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0800.
22.
Sim AY, Dawson BT, Guelfi KJ, Wallman KE, Young WB. Effects of static stretching in warm-up on repeated sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(7):2155–62; doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b438f3.
23.
Tofari PJ, Kemp JG, Cormack SJ. Measuring the response to simulated fixture congestion in soccer. Sci Med Footb. 2020;4(4):293–304; doi: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1746824.
24.
Cohen J. Statistical power for the behavioural sciences. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988; doi: 10.1016/C2013-0-10517-X.
25.
Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(1):155–59; doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155.
26.
Bertochi GFA, Tasinafo Júnior MF, Santos IA, Sasaki JE, Mota GR, Jordão GG, Puggina EF. The use of wearable resistance and weighted vest for sprint performance and kinematics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):5453; doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54282-8.
27.
Dietze-Hermosa MS, Montalvo S, Gonzalez MP, Dorgo S. The impact of an 8-week resisted sprint training program on ice skating performance in male youth ice hockey players. J Strength Cond Res. 2024;38(5):957–65; doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004732.
28.
Bolger R, Lyons M, Harrison AJ, Kenny IC. Sprinting performance and resistance-based training interventions: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(4):1146–56; doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000720.
29.
Rodríguez-Rosell D, Sáez de Villarreal E, Mora-Custodio R, Asián-Clemente JA, Bachero-Mena B, Loturco I, Pareja-Blanco F. Effects of different loading conditions during resisted sprint training on sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36(10):2725–32; doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003898.
30.
Kawamori N, Newton RU, Hori N, Nosaka K. Effects of weighted sled towing with heavy versus light load on sprint acceleration ability. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(10):2738–45; doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182915ed4.
31.
Ltifi MA, Turki O, Racil G, Larion A, Chelly MS, Ben Saad H, Khalifa R, Chamari K, Padulo J. A 3-min weighted vests re-warmups induce sprint performance enhancements at the start of the second half of a soccer match-play. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1173991; doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1173991.
32.
González-Devesa D, Vaquera A, Suárez-Iglesias D, Ayán-Pérez C. The efficacy of re-warm-up practices during half-time: a systematic review. Medicina. 2021;57(9):976; doi: 10.3390/medicina57090976.
33.
Tillin NA, Bishop D. Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities. Sports Med. 2009;39(2):147–66; doi: 10.2165/00007256-200939020-00004.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1899-1955 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
