REVIEW PAPER
Mapping the interplay between fitness parameters, physiological indicators, and non-invasive monitoring systems: a schematic literature review
1
Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Solid Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia
3
Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Surabaya State University, Surabaya, Indonesia
4
Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
5
Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
6
Faculty of Sports Science, State University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
7
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Submission date: 2025-09-22
Acceptance date: 2026-01-21
Online publication date: 2026-06-08
Corresponding author
Achmad Syaifudin
Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
There are numerous fitness monitoring devices widely available to the public and athletes. However, surprisingly, there is no adequate existing international standard for these devices. Despite this, researchers have significantly developed non-invasive fitness monitoring methods, which are now incorporated into commercially available devices. This review focuses on observing research findings from the past decade that relate to athlete fitness parameters, physiological indicators, and non-invasive monitoring techniques, specifically near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Conducted using a schematic literature review methodology, this review aims to provide end-users with an understanding of the complexity and reliability of non-invasive fitness monitoring devices.
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