ORIGINAL PAPER
Effects of active and cold-water immersion recovery strategies on perceived well-being and physical readiness: a crossover study conducted after small-sided soccer games
1
Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
2
Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
3
Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Covilhã, Portugal
Submission date: 2020-08-25
Acceptance date: 2021-02-21
Publication date: 2021-12-22
Hum Mov. 2022;23(3):120-129
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
The study investigated the effect of active recovery (AR) and cold-water immersion (CWI) recovery strategies on the speed of recovery after small-sided games (SSGs) in soccer players.
Methods:
A crossover design was employed to divide 24 male soccer players from a first division Iranian National League (age: 22.3 ± 2.6 years) into 4 experimental conditions: active-active, active-CWI, CWI-active, and CWI-CWI. Heart rate (HR) variations (standard deviation of normal R-R intervals [SDNN], log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R intervals [lnRMSSD]) and self-reported indices (Hooper questionnaire and rate of perceived exertion [RPE]) were measured. Twenty-four hours after SSGs, the players performed one of the recovery strategies. Forty-eight hours after the session, they completed a 20-m sprint test; changes were compared with baseline.
Results:
A significant difference in SDNN HR variations between AR and CWI recovery strategies (F = 4.86, p = 0.03, ƞ2 = 0.31) was noted. Regarding within-experimental condition changes (F = 60.82, p = 0.001, ƞ2 = 0.85), significant differences were detected when comparing data recorded before SSGs and immediately after SSGs (p = 0.001), as well as for data recorded before SSGs and immediately after recovery (p = 0.001). There was also a significant difference in lnRMSSD HR variations when AR and CWI were compared (F = 2.41, p = 0.033, ƞ2 = 0.29). Within-experimental condition changes (F = 127.9, p = 0.001, ƞ2 = 0.74) indicated significant differences between data recorded before SSGs and immediately after SSGs (p = 0.001), as well as between data recorded before SSGs and immediately after recovery (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found between the SDNN index of HR variability for different recoveries (p = 0.055, ƞ2 = 0.07). Moreover, no significant differences were noted between recovery strategies in terms of Hooper index (p = 0.832, ƞ2 = 0.11), RPE (p = 0.41, ƞ2 = 0.06), or 20-m sprint test (p = 0.78, ƞ2 = 0.02).
Conclusions:
CWI showed a greater effect than AR in restoring the impaired vagal-related HR variability indices observed immediately after SSGs. However, no advantage was observed between the recovery strategies.
The study investigated the effect of active recovery (AR) and cold-water immersion (CWI) recovery strategies on the speed of recovery after small-sided games (SSGs) in soccer players.
Methods:
A crossover design was employed to divide 24 male soccer players from a first division Iranian National League (age: 22.3 ± 2.6 years) into 4 experimental conditions: active-active, active-CWI, CWI-active, and CWI-CWI. Heart rate (HR) variations (standard deviation of normal R-R intervals [SDNN], log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R intervals [lnRMSSD]) and self-reported indices (Hooper questionnaire and rate of perceived exertion [RPE]) were measured. Twenty-four hours after SSGs, the players performed one of the recovery strategies. Forty-eight hours after the session, they completed a 20-m sprint test; changes were compared with baseline.
Results:
A significant difference in SDNN HR variations between AR and CWI recovery strategies (F = 4.86, p = 0.03, ƞ2 = 0.31) was noted. Regarding within-experimental condition changes (F = 60.82, p = 0.001, ƞ2 = 0.85), significant differences were detected when comparing data recorded before SSGs and immediately after SSGs (p = 0.001), as well as for data recorded before SSGs and immediately after recovery (p = 0.001). There was also a significant difference in lnRMSSD HR variations when AR and CWI were compared (F = 2.41, p = 0.033, ƞ2 = 0.29). Within-experimental condition changes (F = 127.9, p = 0.001, ƞ2 = 0.74) indicated significant differences between data recorded before SSGs and immediately after SSGs (p = 0.001), as well as between data recorded before SSGs and immediately after recovery (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found between the SDNN index of HR variability for different recoveries (p = 0.055, ƞ2 = 0.07). Moreover, no significant differences were noted between recovery strategies in terms of Hooper index (p = 0.832, ƞ2 = 0.11), RPE (p = 0.41, ƞ2 = 0.06), or 20-m sprint test (p = 0.78, ƞ2 = 0.02).
Conclusions:
CWI showed a greater effect than AR in restoring the impaired vagal-related HR variability indices observed immediately after SSGs. However, no advantage was observed between the recovery strategies.
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