ORIGINAL PAPER
Swimmers’ shoulder side asymmetry at rest and after aerobic load
1
Department of Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Biomechanics, Hygiene and Informatics, Latvian Academy of Sport Education, Riga, Latvia
2
Department of Track and Field Athletics and Swimming, Latvian Academy of Sport Education, Riga, Latvia
Submission date: 2020-10-04
Acceptance date: 2021-03-14
Publication date: 2021-12-22
Hum Mov. 2022;23(3):130-139
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
The aim of our study was to evaluate shoulder joint flexibility, shoulder muscle peak isometric force, and submaximal force differentiation ability after warm-up exercises, as well as to compare the peak isometric force and submaximal force differentiation ability before and after a 4.5-km free-style swimming trial in swimmers and triathletes.
Methods:
Overall, 15 qualified young male swimmers, 15 triathletes, and 14 controls participated. Their shoulder active range of motion (ROM) in internal rotation (IR), external rotation, flexion, extension, abduction were measured. The peak force and the ability to reproduce the submaximal forces of IR and extension muscles were compared before and after 4.5-km free-style swimming in aerobic regimen.
Results:
Swimmers and triathletes presented larger ROM in flexion and abduction in both arms, and in IR in the non-dominant shoulder than controls. IR and extension muscle isometric peak forces were higher in swimmers and triathletes compared with controls. Strength side asymmetry was not observed in any group. Only triathletes’ IR force was higher in the dominant than in the non-dominant shoulder. The submaximal force reproduction error did not differ among the groups. The peak forces and submaximal force reproduction errors did not change after the 4.5-km swim but caused IR and extension muscles peak force side asymmetry, with stronger muscles in the dominant shoulder.
Conclusions:
Free-style swimming at 4.5 km in aerobic regimen induced shoulder IR and extension muscle peak force side asymmetry without any decrease of their absolute values or significant worsening in the submaximal force reproduction error.
The aim of our study was to evaluate shoulder joint flexibility, shoulder muscle peak isometric force, and submaximal force differentiation ability after warm-up exercises, as well as to compare the peak isometric force and submaximal force differentiation ability before and after a 4.5-km free-style swimming trial in swimmers and triathletes.
Methods:
Overall, 15 qualified young male swimmers, 15 triathletes, and 14 controls participated. Their shoulder active range of motion (ROM) in internal rotation (IR), external rotation, flexion, extension, abduction were measured. The peak force and the ability to reproduce the submaximal forces of IR and extension muscles were compared before and after 4.5-km free-style swimming in aerobic regimen.
Results:
Swimmers and triathletes presented larger ROM in flexion and abduction in both arms, and in IR in the non-dominant shoulder than controls. IR and extension muscle isometric peak forces were higher in swimmers and triathletes compared with controls. Strength side asymmetry was not observed in any group. Only triathletes’ IR force was higher in the dominant than in the non-dominant shoulder. The submaximal force reproduction error did not differ among the groups. The peak forces and submaximal force reproduction errors did not change after the 4.5-km swim but caused IR and extension muscles peak force side asymmetry, with stronger muscles in the dominant shoulder.
Conclusions:
Free-style swimming at 4.5 km in aerobic regimen induced shoulder IR and extension muscle peak force side asymmetry without any decrease of their absolute values or significant worsening in the submaximal force reproduction error.
REFERENCES (31)
1.
Heinlein SA, Cosgarea AJ. Biomechanical considerations in the competitive swimmer’s shoulder. Sports Health. 2010;2(6):519–525; doi: 10.1177/1941738110377611.
2.
Bak K. The practical management of swimmer’s painful shoulder: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(5):386–390; doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181f205fa.
3.
Wanivenhaus F, Fox AJS, Chaudhury S, Rodeo SA. Epidemiology of injuries and prevention strategies in competitive swimmers. Sports Health. 2012;4(3):246–251; doi: 10.1177/1941738112442132.
4.
Cheung ATH, Ma AWW, Fong SSM, Chung LMY, Bae Y-H, Liu KPY, et al. A comparison of shoulder muscular performance and lean mass between elite and recreational swimmers: implications for talent identification and development. Medicine. 2018;97(47):e13258; doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013258.
5.
Habechian FAP, Malderen KV, Camargo PR, Cools AM. Changes in shoulder girdle strength in 3 consecutive years in elite adolescent swimmers: a longitudinal cohort study. Braz J Phys Ther. 2018;22(3):238–247; doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.01.001.
6.
Gola R, Urbanik C, Iwańska D, Madej A. Relationship between muscle strength and front crawl swimming velocity. Hum Mov. 2014;15(2):110–115; doi: 10.2478/humo-2014-0011.
7.
Weldon EJ 3rd, Richardson AB. Upper extremity overuse injuries in swimming: a discussion of swimmer’s shoulder. Clin Sports Med. 2001;20(3):423–438; doi: 10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70260-x.
8.
De Martino I, Rodeo SA. The swimmer’s shoulder: multi-directional instability. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018;11(2):167–171; doi: 10.1007/s12178-018-9485-0.
9.
Rodeo SA, Nguyen JT, Cavanaugh JT, Patel Y, Adler RS. Clinical and ultrasonographic evaluations of the shoulders of elite swimmers. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(12):3214–3221; doi: 10.1177/0363546516657823.
10.
Prazeres Batalha NM, de Mendonça Raimundo AM, Tomas-C arus P, Semedo Mendes Fernandes OJ, Almeida Marinho D, Rocha Martins da Silva AJ. Shoulder rotator isokinetic strength profile in young swimmers. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2012;14(5):545–553; doi: 10.5007/1980-0037.2012v14n5p545.
11.
Olivier N, Quintin G, Rogez J. The high level swimmer articular shoulder complex [in French]. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2008;51(5):342–347; doi: 10.1016/j.annrmp.2008.04.005.
12.
Batalha N, Marmeleira J, Garrido N, Silva AJ. Does a water-training macrocycle really create imbalances in swimmers’ shoulder rotator muscles? Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(2):167–172; doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.908957.
13.
Psycharakis SG, Sanders RH. Shoulder and hip roll changes during 200-m front crawl swimming. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(12):2129–2136; doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818160bc.
14.
Barden JM, Kell RT, Kobsar D. The effect of critical speed and exercise intensity on stroke phase duration and bilateral asymmetry in 200-m front crawl swimming. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(5):517–526; doi: 10.1080/02640414.2010.543912.
15.
Tourny-C hollet C, Seifert L, Chollet D. Effect of force symmetry on coordination in crawl. Int J Sports Med. 2009;30(3):182–187; doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1104581.
16.
Figueiredo P, Seifert L, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. Individual profiles of spatio-temporal coordination in high intensity swimming. Hum Mov Sci. 2012;31(5):1200–1212; doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.01.006.
17.
Higson E, Herrington L, Butler C, Horsley I. The shortterm effect of swimming training load on shoulder rotational range of motion, shoulder joint position sense and pectoralis minor length. Shoulder Elbow. 2018;10(4): 285–291; doi: 10.1177/1758573218773539.
18.
Matthews MJ, Green D, Matthews H, Swanwick E. The effects of swimming fatigue on shoulder strength, range of motion, joint control, and performance in swimmers. Phys Ther Sport. 2017;23:118–122; doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.08.011.
19.
Maenhout AG, Palmans T, De Muynck M, De Wilde LF, Cools AM. The impact of rotator cuff tendinopathy on proprioception, measuring force sensation. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21(8):1080–1086; doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2011.07.006.
20.
Blonna D, Zarkadas PC, Fitzsimmons JS, O’Driscoll SW. Validation of a photography-based goniometry method for measuring joint range of motion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21(1):29–35; doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2011.06.018.
21.
Clements AS, Ginn KA, Henley EC. Comparison of upper limb musculoskeletal function and throwing performance in adolescent baseball players and matched controls. Phys Ther Sport. 2001;2(1):4–14; doi: 10.1054/ptsp.2000.0039.
22.
Awatani T, Mori S, Shinohara J, Koshiba H, Nariai M, Tatsumi Y, et al. Same-session and between-day intrarater reliability of hand-held dynamometer measurements of isometric shoulder extensor strength. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(3):936–939; doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.936.
23.
Awatani T, Morikita I, Shinohara J, Mori S, Nariai M, Tatsumi Y, et al. Intra- and inter-rater reliability of isometric shoulder extensor and internal rotator strength measurements performed using a hand-held dynamometer. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(11):3054–3059; doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.3054.
24.
Awatani T, Morikita I, Mori S, Shinohara J, Tatsumi Y. Relationship between isometric shoulder strength and arms-only swimming power among male collegiate swimmers: study of valid clinical assessment methods. J Phys Ther Sci. 2018;30(4):490–495; doi: 10.1589/jpts.30.490.
25.
Hibberd EE, Laudner K, Berkoff DJ, Kucera KL, Yu B, Myers JB. Comparison of upper extremity physical characteristics between adolescent competitive swimmers and nonoverhead athletes. J Athl Train. 2016;51(1):65–69; doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.2.04.
26.
Harrington S, Meisel C, Tate A. A cross-sectional study examining shoulder pain and disability in Division I female swimmers. J Sport Rehabil. 2014;23(1):65–75; doi: 10.1123/jsr.2012-0123.
27.
Walker H, Gabbe B, Wajswelner H, Blanch P, Bennell K. Shoulder pain in swimmers: a 12-month prospective cohort study of incidence and risk factors. Phys Ther Sport. 2012;13(4):243–249; doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2012.01.001.
28.
Tate A, Turner GN, Knab SE, Jorgensen C, Strittmatter A, Michener LA. Risk factors associated with shoulder pain and disability across the lifespan of competitive swimmers. J Athl Train. 2012;47(2):149–158; doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-47.2.149.
29.
Hill L, Collins M, Posthumus M. Risk factors for shoulder pain and injury in swimmers: a critical systematic review. Phys Sportsmed. 2015;43(4):412–420; doi: 10.1080/00913847.2015.1077097.
30.
Carvalho DD, Soares S, Zacca R, Marinho DA, Silva AJ, Pyne DB, et al. In-water and on-land swimmers’ symmetry and force production. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(24):5018; doi: 10.3390/ijerph16245018.
31.
Rejman M, Klarowicz A, Zatoń K. An evaluation of kinesthetic differentiation ability in monofin swimmers. Hum Mov. 2012;13(1):8–15; doi: 10.2478/v10038-011-0048-0.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1899-1955 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
