ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of a short ischaemic preconditioning protocol on 100-m front crawl performance
1
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
2
Research Centre in Sport Science, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro,
Vila Real, Portugal
3
Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Submission date: 2020-02-18
Acceptance date: 2020-05-17
Publication date: 2021-02-17
Hum Mov. 2021;22(3):70-76
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
The aim of our study was to analyse the effect of a single-cycle ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) protocol on performance in the 100-m front crawl swimming modality.
Methods:
Overall, 16 swimmers were recruited: 8 female athletes (12.9 ± 0.88 years) and 8 male athletes (13.1 ± 0.88 years). In a randomized crossover design, all participants performed a 100-m front crawl sprint preceded by an IPC or placebo cycle. In the IPC trial, a pneumatic cuff was attached to the proximal thigh and was inflated at a pressure equivalent to 80% of arterial occlusion and remained inflated for 5 min (ischaemia); in the placebo trial, the cuff remained inflated for the same amount of time, but at low external pressure levels (20 mm Hg). The volunteers started the test 5 min after cuff pressure release (reperfusion).
Results:
It was not possible to verify significant differences within the time (seconds) required to complete the test between the IPC and placebo interventions (75.68 ± 7.2 and 75.75 ± 8.1 s, respectively; p = 0.916).
Conclusions:
Therefore, we can conclude that the tested IPC protocol does not seem to be sufficient to provide performance improvement in 100-m front crawl in young athletes.
The aim of our study was to analyse the effect of a single-cycle ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) protocol on performance in the 100-m front crawl swimming modality.
Methods:
Overall, 16 swimmers were recruited: 8 female athletes (12.9 ± 0.88 years) and 8 male athletes (13.1 ± 0.88 years). In a randomized crossover design, all participants performed a 100-m front crawl sprint preceded by an IPC or placebo cycle. In the IPC trial, a pneumatic cuff was attached to the proximal thigh and was inflated at a pressure equivalent to 80% of arterial occlusion and remained inflated for 5 min (ischaemia); in the placebo trial, the cuff remained inflated for the same amount of time, but at low external pressure levels (20 mm Hg). The volunteers started the test 5 min after cuff pressure release (reperfusion).
Results:
It was not possible to verify significant differences within the time (seconds) required to complete the test between the IPC and placebo interventions (75.68 ± 7.2 and 75.75 ± 8.1 s, respectively; p = 0.916).
Conclusions:
Therefore, we can conclude that the tested IPC protocol does not seem to be sufficient to provide performance improvement in 100-m front crawl in young athletes.
REFERENCES (33)
1.
Aspenes ST, Karlsen T. Exercise-training intervention studies in competitive swimming. Sports Med. 2012;42(6):527–543; doi: 10.2165/11630760-000000000-00000.
2.
Hardt J, Benjanuvatra N, Blanksby B. Do footedness and strength asymmetry relate to the dominant stance in swimming track start? J Sports Sci. 2009;27(11):1221–1227; doi: 10.1080/02640410903220336.
3.
Lisbôa FD, Turnes T, Cruz RSO, Raimundo JAG, Pereira GS, Caputo F. The time dependence of the effect of ischemic preconditioning on successive sprint swimming performance. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20(5):507–511; doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.09.008.
4.
Jean-St-Michel E, Manlhiot C, Li J, Tropak M, Michelsen MM, Schmidt MR, et al. Remote preconditioning improves maximal performance in highly trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1280–1286; doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318206845d.
5.
Ferreira TN, Sabino-Carvalho JLC, Lopes TR, Ribeiro IC, Succi JE, Da Silva AC, et al. Ischemic preconditioning and repeated sprint swimming: a placebo and nocebo study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(10):1967–1975; doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000977.
6.
Sharma V, Marsh R, Cunniffe B, Cardinale M, Yellon DM, Davidson SM. From protecting the heart to improving athletic performance – the benefits of local and remote ischaemic preconditioning. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2015;29(6):573–588; doi: 10.1007/s10557-015-6621-6.
7.
Liu GS, Thornton J, Van Winkle DM, Stanley AW, Olsson RA, Downey JM. Protection against infarction afforded by preconditioning is mediated by A1 adenosine receptors in rabbit heart. Circulation. 1991;84(1):350–356; doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.84.1.350.
8.
Pang CY, Yang RZ, Zhong A, Xu N, Boyd B, Forrest CR. Acute ischaemic preconditioning protects against skeletal muscle infarction in the pig. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;29(6):782–788; doi: 10.1016/S0008-6363(96)88613-5.
9.
De Groot PCE, Thijssen DHJ, Sanchez M, Ellenkamp R, Hopman MTE. Ischemic preconditioning improves maximal performance in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(1):141–146; doi: 10.1007/s00421-009-1195-2.
10.
Clevidence MW, Mowery RE, Kushnick MR. The effects of ischemic preconditioning on aerobic and anaerobic variables associated with submaximal cycling performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(10):3649–3654; doi: 10.1007/s00421-012-2345-5.
11.
Bailey TG, Jones H, Gregson W, Atkinson G, Cable NT, Thijssen DHJ. Effect of ischemic preconditioning on lactate accumulation and running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(11):2084–2089; doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318262cb17.
12.
Gibson N, Mahony B, Tracey C, Fawkner S, Murray A. Effect of ischemic preconditioning on repeated sprint ability in team sport athletes. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(11):1182–1188; doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.988741.
13.
Gibson N, White J, Neish M, Murray A. Effect of ischemic preconditioning on land-based sprinting in team-sport athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8(6):671–676; doi: 10.1123/ijspp.8.6.671.
14.
Salvador AF, De Aguiar RA, Lisbôa FD, Pereira KL, de O. Cruz RS, Caputo F. Ischemic preconditioning and exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016;11(1):4–14; doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0204.
15.
Ghosh S, Standen NB, Galiñanes M. Preconditioning the human myocardium by simulated ischemia: studies on the early and delayed protection. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;45(2):339–350; doi: 10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00353-3.
16.
Beaven CM, Cook CJ, Kilduff L, Drawer S, Gill N. Intermittent lower-limb occlusion enhances recovery after strenuous exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37(6):1132–1139; doi: 10.1139/h2012-101.
17.
Marocolo M, Billaut F, da Mota GR. Ischemic preconditioning and exercise performance: an ergogenic aid for whom? Front Physiol. 2018;9:1874; doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01874.
18.
Paradis-Deschênes P, Joanisse DR, Billaut F. Sex-specific impact of ischemic preconditioning on tissue oxygenation and maximal concentric force. Front Physiol. 2017;7:674; doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00674.
19.
Lampadari V, Thanopoulos V, Dopsaj M, Rozi G. Effects of age and gender in physiological responses, mechanics and performance of master swimmers. Hum Mov. 2019;20(1):17–23; doi: 10.5114/hm.2019.79393.
20.
Laurentino GC, Ugrinowitsch C, Roschel H, Aoki MS, Soares AG, Neves M Jr, et al. Strength training with blood flow restriction diminishes myostatin gene expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(3):406–412; doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318233b4bc.
21.
Neto RG, Silva JCG, Umbelino RKC, Silva HG, Neto EAP, Oliota-Ribeiro LS, et al. Are there differences in auscultatory pulse in total blood flow restriction between positions, limbs and body segments? Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2018;20(5):381–390; doi: 10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n5p381.
22.
Fatela P, Reis JF, Mendonca GV, Avela J, Mil-Homens P. Acute effects of exercise under different levels of blood-flow restriction on muscle activation and fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(5):985–995; doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3359-1.
23.
Zamunér AR, Moreno MA, Camargo TM, Graetz JP, Rebelo ACS, Tamburús NY, et al. Assessment of subjective perceived exertion at the anaerobic threshold with the Borg CR-10 scale. J Sports Sci Med. 2011;10(1):130–136.
24.
Batterham AM, Hopkins WG. Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2006;1(1):50–57; doi: 10.1123/ijspp.1.1.50.
25.
Paixão RC, da Mota GR, Marocolo M. Acute effect of ischemic preconditioning is detrimental to anaerobic performance in cyclists. Int J Sports Med. 2014;35(11):912–915; doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1372628.
26.
Figueiredo P, Rouard A, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. Upper- and lower-limb muscular fatigue during the 200-m front crawl. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38(7):716–724; doi: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0263.
27.
Pageaux B. Perception of effort in exercise science: definition, measurement and perspectives. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(8):885–894; doi: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1188992.
28.
Loenneke JP, Wilson GJ, Wilson JM. A mechanistic approach to blood flow occlusion. Int J Sports Med. 2010;31(1):1–4; doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1239499.
29.
Armstrong N, Barker AR, McManus AM. Muscle metabolism changes with age and maturation: how do they relate to youth sport performance? Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(13):860–864; doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094491.
30.
Papandreou I, Cairns RA, Fontana L, Lim AL, Denko NC. HIF-1 mediates adaptation to hypoxia by actively downregulating mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Cell Metab. 2006;3(3):187–197; doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.01.012.
31.
Eynon N, Alves AJ, Meckel Y, Yamin C, Ayalon M, Sagiv M, et al. Is the interaction between HIF1A P582S and ACTN3 R577X determinant for power/sprint performance? Metabolism. 2010;59(6):861–865; doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.10.003.
32.
Doma K, Leicht AS, Boullosa D, Woods CT. Lunge exercises with blood-flow restriction induces post-activation potentiation and improves vertical jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120(3):687–695; doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04308-6.
33.
Arabatzi F, Patikas D, Zafeiridis A, Giavroudis K, Kannas T, Gourgoulis V, et al. The post-activation potentiation effect on squat jump performance: age and sex effect. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2014;26(2):187–194; doi: 10.1123/pes.2013-0052.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1899-1955 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
