ORIGINAL PAPER
Combining textured insoles and compelled body weight shift improves lower limb function and gait in individuals with stroke: a randomised controlled trial
1
Human Movement Performance Enhancement Research Unit, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
2
Department of Physiotherapy, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
Submission date: 2024-09-14
Acceptance date: 2025-02-28
Online publication date: 2025-06-25
Corresponding author
Akkradate Siriphorn
Human Movement Performance Enhancement Research Unit, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 154 Rama I Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand 10330
Human Movement Performance Enhancement Research Unit, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 154 Rama I Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand 10330
Hum Mov. 2025;26(2):61-72
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
To assess the effects of combining textured insoles (TI; plantar somatosensory stimulation) with compelled body weight shift (CBWS) on lower limb motor function, gait, and sensory function in stroke patients.
Methods:
This randomised controlled trial included 60 stroke patients allocated into four groups, including control, CBWS, TI, and CBWS+TI (combined). Each group participated in an eight-week intervention, with outcome measures comprising the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Lower Extremities for motor function, Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments test for sensory function, Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool for overall gait quality, 10-Metre Walk Test (10MWT) for gait speed, and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test for functional mobility.
Results:
Lower limb motor function exhibited enhancement in the control, TI, and Combined groups, with the most significant improvement observed in the combined group. The enhancement of sensory function only occurred in the combined group. The gait quality improved in all groups, but there were no significant differences between them. Gait velocity increased substantially in the control and CBWS groups, while TUG time decreased in both.
Conclusions:
Combining plantar somatosensory stimulation and CBWS improved lower limb motor and sensory function in stroke patients but did not enhance gait speed or mobility beyond individual interventions.
To assess the effects of combining textured insoles (TI; plantar somatosensory stimulation) with compelled body weight shift (CBWS) on lower limb motor function, gait, and sensory function in stroke patients.
Methods:
This randomised controlled trial included 60 stroke patients allocated into four groups, including control, CBWS, TI, and CBWS+TI (combined). Each group participated in an eight-week intervention, with outcome measures comprising the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Lower Extremities for motor function, Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments test for sensory function, Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool for overall gait quality, 10-Metre Walk Test (10MWT) for gait speed, and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test for functional mobility.
Results:
Lower limb motor function exhibited enhancement in the control, TI, and Combined groups, with the most significant improvement observed in the combined group. The enhancement of sensory function only occurred in the combined group. The gait quality improved in all groups, but there were no significant differences between them. Gait velocity increased substantially in the control and CBWS groups, while TUG time decreased in both.
Conclusions:
Combining plantar somatosensory stimulation and CBWS improved lower limb motor and sensory function in stroke patients but did not enhance gait speed or mobility beyond individual interventions.
REFERENCES (25)
1.
Hilkens NA, Casolla B, Leung TW, de Leeuw F-E. Stroke. Lancet. 2024;403(10446):2820–36; doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00642-1.
2.
Feigin VL, Owolabi MO; World Stroke Organization– Lancet Neurology Commission Stroke Collaboration Group. Pragmatic solutions to reduce the global burden of stroke: a World Stroke Organization- Lancet Neurology Commission. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(12):1160-206; doi: 10.1016/S1474- 4422(23)00277-6.
3.
Mansfield A, Inness EL, McIlroy WE. Stroke. Balance, Gait, and Falls. Handbook of Clinical Neurology; 2018, pp. 205–28.
4.
Viseux FJF. The sensory role of the sole of the foot: review and update on clinical perspectives. Neurophysiol Clin. 2020;50(1):55–68; doi: 10.1016/j. neucli.2019.12.003.
5.
Strzalkowski NDJ, Mildren RL, Bent LR. Thresholds of cutaneous afferents related to perceptual threshold across the human foot sole. J Neurophysiol. 2015;114(4):2144–51; doi: 10.1152/jn.00 524.2015.
6.
Klingner CM, Witte OW, Günther A. Sensory syndromes. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2012;30:4-8; doi: 10.1159/000333373.
7.
Kessner SS, Bingel U, Thomalla G. Somatosensory deficits after stroke: a scoping review. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2016;23(2):136–46; doi: 10.1080/10749 357.2015.1116822.
8.
Wutzke CJ, Mercer VS, Lewek MD. Influence of lower extremity sensory function on locomotor adaptation following stroke: a review. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2015;20(3):233–40; doi: 10.1310/tsr2003- 233.
9.
Aries AM, Pomeroy VM, Sim J, Read S, Hunter SM. Sensory stimulation of the foot and ankle early post-stroke: a pilot and feasibility study. Front Neurol. 2021;12(940):675106; doi: 10.3389/fneur. 2021.675106.
10.
Aruin AS, Rao N, Sharma A, Chaudhuri G. Compelled body weight shift approach in rehabilitation of individuals with chronic stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2012;19(6):556–63; doi: 10.1310/tsr190 6-556.
11.
Mohapatra S, Eviota AC, Ringquist KL, Muthukrishnan SR, Aruin AS. Compelled body weight shift technique to facilitate rehabilitation of individuals with acute stroke. ISRN Rehabil. 2012; 2012; doi: 10.5402/2012/328018.
12.
Pinvanichkul C, Siriphorn A. Effect of walking training with textured insole socks in older adults. Phys Occup Ther Geriatr. 2021;40(2):135–49; doi: 10.1080/02703181.2021.1994097.
13.
Fugl-Meyer AR, Jaasko L, Leyman I, Olsson S, Steglind S. The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. a method for evaluation of physical performance. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1975;7(1):13–31.
14.
Suda M, Kawakami M, Okuyama K, Ishii R, Oshima O, Hijikata N, Nakamura T, Oka A, Kondo K, Liu M. Validity and reliability of the semmesweinstein monofilament test and the thumb localizing test in patients with stroke. Front Neurol. 2020;11:625917; doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.625917.
15.
Parsons SL, Mansfield A, Inness EL, Patterson KK. The relationship of plantar cutaneous sensation and standing balance post-stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2016;23(5):326–32; doi: 10.1080/107493 57.2016.1162396.
16.
Gor-García-Fogeda MD, Cano de la Cuerda R, Carratalá Tejada M, Alguacil-Diego IM, Molina-Rueda F. Observational gait assessments in people with neurological disorders: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(1):131–40; doi: 10.10 16/j.apmr.2015.07.018.
17.
Michelini A, Eshraghi A, Andrysek J. Two-dimensional video gait analysis: a systematic review of reliability, validity, and best practice considerations. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2020;44(4):245–62; doi: 10.1177/0309364620921290.
18.
Amatachaya S, Kwanmongkolthong M, Thongjumroon A, Boonpew N, Amatachaya P, Saensook W, Thaweewannakij T, Hunsawong T. Influence of timing protocols and distance covered on the outcomes of the 10-meter walk test. Physiother Theory Pract. 2019;36(12):1348–53; doi: 10.1080/ 09593985.2019.1570577.
19.
Lyders Johansen K, Derby Stistrup R, Skibdal Schjøtt C, Madsen J, Vinther A. Absolute and relative reliability of the timed ‘Up & Go’ test and ‘30second Chair-Stand’ test in hospitalised patientswithstroke. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(10):e0165663; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165663.
20.
Wang J, Qiao L, Yu L, Wang Y, Taiar R, Zhang Y, Fu W. Effect of customized insoles on gait in poststroke hemiparetic individuals: a randomizedcontrolled trial. Biology. 2021;10(11):1187; doi: 10.3390/biology10111187.
21.
Carrico C, Chelette KC, 2nd, Westgate PM, Powell E, Nichols L, Fleischer A, Sawaki L. Nerve stimulation enhances task-oriented training in chronic, severe motor deficit after stroke: a randomized trial. Stroke. 2016;47(7):1879–84; doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.012671.
22.
Reid M, Mitchell SD, Mitchell KM, Sidiropoulos C. Efficacy of a 5-day, intensive, multidisciplinary, outpatient physical and occupational therapy protocol in the treatment of functional movement disorders: a retrospective study. J Neurol Sci. 2022; 443:120461; doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120461.
23.
Aruin AS, Kanekar N. Effect of a textured insole on balance and gait symmetry. Exp Brain Res. 2013;231(2):201–8.
24.
Kim K-H, Jang S-H. Effects of task-specific training after cognitive sensorimotor exercise on proprioception, spasticity, and gait speed in stroke patients: a randomized controlled study. Medicina. 2021;57(10):1098; doi: 10.3390/medicina57101 098.
25.
Aruin AS, Rao N. The effect of a single textured insole in gait rehabilitation of individuals with stroke. Int J Rehabil Res. 2018;41(3):218–23; doi: 10.1097/MRR.0000000000000287.
| eISSN: | 1899-1955 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
