ORIGINAL PAPER
Within- and between-session reliability of a pedal force system for power output and pedal force effectiveness measurements
,
 
 
 
More details
Hide details
1
La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
 
2
Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
 
 
Submission date: 2019-04-30
 
 
Acceptance date: 2020-01-24
 
 
Publication date: 2020-04-18
 
 
Hum Mov. 2020;21(4):69-78
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
The study assessed within- and between-session reliability of power output (PO) and pedal force effectiveness and compared PO from the pedals with the Lode Excalibur cycle ergometer.

Methods:
Seventeen male cyclists performed 10 trials at 3 levels of PO (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 W/kg) and 3 cadences (60, 80, and 100 rpm) in 2 sessions. Instrumented pedals and a portable motion tracking system were synchronized to collect pedal forces and 3D full body motion, respectively. PO and the index of effectiveness (IE) were compared within and between sessions for the pedals while PO was compared with the Lode Excalibur.

Results:
Good agreement was observed for PO within sessions whilst right and left pedal IEs were moderate. Betweensession reliability ranged from poor to good for PO measured from the pedals, and reliability for IE ranged from poor to good. Significant differences in PO were observed between the pedals and the Lode Excalibur ergometer (17–50 W).

Conclusions:
The customized system to measure pedal forces was reliable within a given session for measuring IE and PO but variability in data increased in the second session, potentially because of the repositioning of the motion tracking sensors. Validity in measuring PO from the pedals without the use of the crank encoder is questionable.

REFERENCES (41)
1.
Etxebarria N, D’Auria S, Anson JM, Pyne DB, Ferguson RA. Variability in power output during cycling in international Olympic-distance triathlon. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2014;9(4):732–734; doi: 10.1123/ ijspp.2013-0303.
 
2.
Vogt S, Heinrich L, Schumacher YO, Blum A, Roecker K, Dickhuth HH, et al. Power output during stage racing in professional road cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(1):147–151; doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000183196. 63081.6a.
 
3.
Hull ML, Davis RR. Measurement of pedal loading in bicycling: I. Instrumentation. J Biomech. 1981;14(12): 843–856; doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(81)90012-9.
 
4.
Dorel S, Couturier A, Lacour JR, Vandewalle H, Hautier C, Hug F. Force-velocity relationship in cycling revisited: benefit of two-dimensional pedal forces analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(6):1174–1183; doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c91f35.
 
5.
Bini RR, Daly L, Kingsley M. Muscle force adaptation to changes in upper body position during seated sprint cycling. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(19):2270–2278; doi: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1627983.
 
6.
Hoes MJAJM, Binkhorst RA, Smeekes-Kuyl AEMC, Vissers ACA. Measurement of forces exerted on pedal and crank during work on a bicycle ergometer at different loads. Int Z Angew Physiol Einschl Arbeitsphysiol. 1968;26(1):33–42; doi: 10.1007/BF00696088.
 
7.
Pallarés JG, Lillo-Bevia JR. Validity and reliability of the PowerTap P1 pedals power meter. J Sports Sci Med. 2018;17(2):305–311.
 
8.
Nimmerichter A, Schnitzer L, Prinz B, Simon D, Wirth K. Validity and reliability of the Garmin Vector power meter in laboratory and field cycling. Int J Sports Med. 2017;38(6):439–446; doi: 10.1055/s-0043- 101909.
 
9.
Wright J, Walker T, Burnet S, Jobson SA. The reliability and validity of the PowerTap P1 power pedals before and after 100 hours of use. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2019;14(6):855–858; doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0563.
 
10.
Sparks SA, Dove B, Bridge CA, Midgley AW, McNaughton LR. Validity and reliability of the Look Keo power pedal system for measuring power output during incremental and repeated sprint cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015;10(1):39–45; doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0317.
 
11.
Bouillod A, Pinot J, Soto-Romero G, Bertucci W, Grappe F. Validity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and robustness of the PowerTap, Stages, and Garmin vector power meters in comparison with the SRM device. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016;12(8):1023–1030; doi: 10.1123/ ijspp.2016-0436.
 
12.
Novak AR, Dascombe BJ. Agreement of power measures between Garmin Vector and SRM cycle power meters. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2016;20(3):167–172; doi: 10.1080/1091367X.2016.1191496.
 
13.
Bini RR, Hume PA, Croft J, Kilding AE. Pedal force effectiveness in cycling: a review of constraints and training effects. J Sci Cycling. 2013;2(1):11–24; doi: 10.28985/jsc.v2i1.32.
 
14.
Korff T, Romer LM, Mayhew I, Martin JC. Effect of pedaling technique on mechanical effectiveness and efficiency in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(6): 991–995; doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318043a235.
 
15.
Zameziati K, Mornieux G, Rouffet D, Belli A. Relationship between the increase of effectiveness indexes and the increase of muscular efficiency with cycling power. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96(3):274–281; doi: 10.1007/s00421-005-0077-5.
 
16.
LaFortune MA, Cavanagh PR. Effectiveness and efficiency during bicycle riding. In: Matsui HK, Kobayashi K (eds.), International Series on Biomechanics. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1983; 928–936.
 
17.
Patterson RP, Moreno MI. Bicycle pedalling forces as a function of pedalling rate and power output. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(4):512–516.
 
18.
Granier C, Hausswirth C, Dorel S, Yann LM. Validity and reliability of the Stages cycling power meter. J Strength Cond Res. 2017; Epub ahead of print; doi: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002189.
 
19.
Herbert P, Sculthorpe N, Baker JS, Grace FM. Validation of a six second cycle test for the determination of peak power output. Res Sports Med. 2015;23(2)115– 125; doi: 10.1080/15438627.2015.1005294.
 
20.
Bernard J, Decatoire A, Lacouture P. Comparison of two pedaling sensors, ICrankset and SRM, against a standard reference sensor. In: Colloud F, Domalain M, Monnet T (eds.), 33rd International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports, Poitiers, France, June 29–July 3, 2015. 2015; 525–528.
 
21.
Bini RR, Hume PA, Kilding AE. Saddle height effects on pedal forces, joint mechanical work and kinematics of cyclists and triathletes. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14(1):44– 52; doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.725105.
 
22.
Robert-Lachaine X, Mecheri H, Larue C, Plamondon A. Validation of inertial measurement units with an optoelectronic system for whole-body motion analysis. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2017;55(4):609–619; doi: 10.1007/s11517-016-1537-2.
 
23.
Al-Amri M, Nicholas K, Button K, Sparkes V, Sheeran L, Davies JL. Inertial measurement units for clinical movement analysis: reliability and concurrent validity. Sensors. 2018;18(3):719; doi: 10.3390/s18030719.
 
24.
Blair S, Duthie G, Robertson S, Hopkins W, Ball K. Concurrent validation of an inertial measurement system to quantify kicking biomechanics in four football codes. J Biomech. 2018;73:24–32; doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.03.031.
 
25.
Bini RR, Hume PA. Effects of workload and pedalling cadence on knee forces in competitive cyclists. Sports Biomech. 2013;12(2):93–107; doi: 10.1080/14763141. 2012.731428.
 
26.
Bini RR, Senger D, Lanferdini FJ, Lopes AL. Joint kinematics assessment during cycling incremental test to exhaustion. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2012;20(2):99–105; doi: 10.3233/IES-2012-0447.
 
27.
Hopkins WG. Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Med. 2000;30(1):1–15; doi: 10.2165/ 00007256-200030010-00001. 28. Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155–163; doi: 10.1016/j.jcm. 2016.02.012.
 
28.
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
 
29.
Van Praagh E, Bedu M, Roddier P, Coudert J. A simple calibration method for mechanically braked cycle ergometers. Int J Sports Med. 1992;13(1):27–30; doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1021229.
 
30.
Bini RR, Hume PA. Between-day reliability of pedal forces for cyclists during an incremental cycling test to exhaustion. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2013;21(3):203–209; doi: 10.3233/ies-130510.
 
31.
Hug F, Drouet JM, Champoux Y, Couturier A, Dorel S. Interindividual variability of electromyographic patterns and pedal force profiles in trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(4):667–678; doi: 10.1007/ s00421-008-0810-y.
 
32.
De Marchis C, Schmid M, Bibbo D, Bernabucci I, Conforto S. Inter-individual variability of forces and modular muscle coordination in cycling: a study on untrained subjects. Hum Mov Sci. 2013;32(6):1480–1494; doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.07.018.
 
33.
Paton CD, Hopkins WG. Tests of cycling performance. Sports Med. 2001;31(7):489–496; doi: 10.2165/0000 7256-200131070-00004.
 
34.
Broker JP, Gregor RJ, Schmidt RA. Extrinsic feedback and the learning of kinetic patterns in cycling. J Appl Biomech. 1993;9(2):111–123; doi: 10.1123/jab.9.2.111.
 
35.
Bini RR, Jacques TC, Carpes FP, Vaz MA. Effectiveness of pedalling retraining in reducing bilateral pedal force asymmetries. J Sports Sci. 2017;35(14):1336– 1341; doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1215505.
 
36.
Bini RR, Jayalath L, Wundersitz D, de Noronha M. Variability in vertical jump height and lower limb kinematics between days. In: 36th Conference of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, Auckland, New Zealand, September 10–14, 2018. 2018;988–991.
 
37.
Cloete T, Scheffer C. Repeatability of an off-the-shelf, full body inertial motion capture system during clinical gait analysis. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010; 2010:5125–5128; doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5626196.
 
38.
Bini RR, Jacques TC, Lanferdini FJ, Vaz MA. Comparison of kinetics, kinematics, and electromyography during single-leg assisted and unassisted cycling. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(6):1534–1541; doi: 10.1519/jsc. 0000000000000905.
 
39.
García-López J, Díez-Leal S, Ogueta-Alday A, Larrazabal J, Rodríguez-Marroyo JA. Differences in pedalling technique between road cyclists of different competitive levels. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(17):1619–1626; doi: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1127987.
 
40.
Abbiss CR, Quod MJ, Levin G, Martin DT, Laursen PB. Accuracy of the Velotron ergometer and SRM power meter. Int J Sports Med. 2009;30(2):107–112; doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1103285.
 
41.
Marreiros S, Schepers M, Bellusci G, de Zee M, Andersen MS. Comparing performance of two methods to process inertial data in gait analysis. In: XXVI Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Brisbane, Australia, 23 Jul 2017–27 Jul 2017. 2017.
 
eISSN:1899-1955
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top