REVIEW PAPER
Place of the gold standard isokinetic dynamometer in Paralympic sports: a systematic review
1
Department of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Submission date: 2019-09-16
Acceptance date: 2020-05-16
Publication date: 2021-02-07
Hum Mov. 2021;22(3):1-10
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
Isokinetic dynamometers are machines that can supply multiple elements for measuring muscle strength, peak force, power, endurance, and angle of maximal force. The purpose of this study was to run a systematic review to find the quality of evidence in studies evaluating the gold standard isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex) in Paralympic sports.
Methods:
The search strategy was defined as: (‘Paralympic’ OR ‘Paralympic sport’ OR ‘Parasport’ OR ‘disabled athlete’ OR ‘athletes with a disability’) AND (‘strength’ OR ‘isokinetic’ OR ‘torque’ OR ‘muscle strength dynamometer’ OR ‘isokinetic dynamometer’ OR ‘Biodex’). Four databases were searched: PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and Scopus.
Results:
From the 981 articles initially found, 10 records were finally included in this systematic review. Five articles were selected as high quality. The Biodex isokinetic dynamometer was introduced about 3 decades ago; still, a small number of papers (10) have been published on applying it in Paralympic sports. We observed different experimental protocols in the included studies. The shortage of standardization in the experimental protocols precludes pooling data for analyses.
Conclusions:
As the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer is a gold standard, reliable, and valid instrument to measure human joint function, future research should apply it in Paralympic studies.
Isokinetic dynamometers are machines that can supply multiple elements for measuring muscle strength, peak force, power, endurance, and angle of maximal force. The purpose of this study was to run a systematic review to find the quality of evidence in studies evaluating the gold standard isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex) in Paralympic sports.
Methods:
The search strategy was defined as: (‘Paralympic’ OR ‘Paralympic sport’ OR ‘Parasport’ OR ‘disabled athlete’ OR ‘athletes with a disability’) AND (‘strength’ OR ‘isokinetic’ OR ‘torque’ OR ‘muscle strength dynamometer’ OR ‘isokinetic dynamometer’ OR ‘Biodex’). Four databases were searched: PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and Scopus.
Results:
From the 981 articles initially found, 10 records were finally included in this systematic review. Five articles were selected as high quality. The Biodex isokinetic dynamometer was introduced about 3 decades ago; still, a small number of papers (10) have been published on applying it in Paralympic sports. We observed different experimental protocols in the included studies. The shortage of standardization in the experimental protocols precludes pooling data for analyses.
Conclusions:
As the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer is a gold standard, reliable, and valid instrument to measure human joint function, future research should apply it in Paralympic studies.
REFERENCES (42)
1.
Hislop HJ, Perrine JJ. The isokinetic concept of exercise. Phys Ther. 1967;47(2):114–117; doi: 10.1093/ptj/47.2.114.
2.
Li RC, Jasiewicz JM, Middleton J, Condie P, Barriskill A, Hebnes H, et al. The development, validity, and reliability of a manual muscle testing device with integrated limb position sensors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(3):411–417; doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.11.011.
3.
Molnar GE, Alexander J. Development of quantitative standards for muscle strength in children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1974;55(11):490–493.
4.
Goslin BR, Charteris J. Isokinetic dynamometry: normative data for clinical use in lower extremity (knee) cases. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1979;11(3):105–109.
5.
Wyatt MP, Edwards AM. Comparison of quadriceps and hamstring torque values during isokinetic exercise. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1981;3(2):48–56; doi: 10.2519/jospt.1981.3.2.48.
6.
El-Zayat BF, Efe T, Heidrich A, Wolf U, Timmesfeld N, Heyse TJ, et al. Objective assessment of shoulder mobility with a new 3D gyroscope – a validation study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:168; doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-168.
7.
Seto JL, Brewster CE, Lombardo SJ, Tibone JE. Rehabilitation of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1989;11(1):8–18; doi: 10.2519/jospt.1989.11.1.8.
8.
DiNubile NA. Strength training. Clin Sports Med. 1991;10(1):33–62; doi: 10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30657-8.
9.
Martin A, Martin L, Morlon B. Theoretical and experimental behaviour of the muscle viscosity coefficient during maximal concentric actions. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1994;69(6):539–544; doi: 10.1007/BF00239872.
10.
Cheng AJ, Rice CL. Fatigue and recovery of power and isometric torque following isotonic knee extensions. J Appl Physiol. 2005;99(4):1446–1452; doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00452.2005.
11.
McCleary RW, Andersen JC. Test-retest reliability of reciprocal isokinetic knee extension and flexion peak torque measurements. J Athl Train. 1992;27(4):362–365.
12.
Frisiello S, Gazaille A, O’Halloran J, Palmer ML, Waugh D. Test-retest reliability of eccentric peak torque values for shoulder medial and lateral rotation using the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994;19(6):341–344; doi: 10.2519/jospt.1994.19.6.341.
13.
Drouin JM, Valovich-Mc Leod TC, Shultz SJ, Gansneder BM, Perrin DH. Reliability and validity of the Biodex System 3 pro isokinetic dynamometer velocity, torque and position measurements. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(1):22–29; doi: 10.1007/s00421-003-0933-0.
14.
Lambert CP, Archer RL, Evans WJ. Muscle strength and fatigue during isokinetic exercise in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(10):1613–1619; doi: 10.1097/00005768-200110000-00001.
15.
Bhambhani Y. Physiology of wheelchair racing in athletes with spinal cord injury. Sports Med. 2002;32(1):23–51; doi: 10.2165/00007256-200232010-00002.
16.
Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Tolfrey K. The multi-stage fitness test as a predictor of endurance fitness in wheelchair athletes. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(5):511–517; doi: 10.1080/02640410701624531.
17.
Bernardi M, Guerra E, Di Giacinto B, Di Cesare A, Castellano V, Bhambhani Y. Field evaluation of Paralympic athletes in selected sports: implications for training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(6):1200–1208; doi: 10.1249/MSS .0b013e3181c67d82.
18.
Vanlandewijck Y, Theisen D, Daly D. Wheelchair propulsion biomechanics: implications for wheelchair sports. Sports Med. 2001;31(5):339–367; doi: 10.2165/00007256-200131050-00005.
19.
Dubowsky SR, Sisto SA, Langrana NA. Comparison of kinematics, kinetics, and EMG throughout wheelchair propulsion in able-bodied and persons with paraplegia: an integrative approach. J Biomech Eng. 2009;131(2):021015; doi: 10.1115/1.2900726.
20.
Nyland J, Robinson K, Caborn D, Knapp E, Brosky T. Shoulder rotator torque and wheelchair dependence differences of National Wheelchair Basketball Association players. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(4):358–363; doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90226-4.
21.
Ambrosio F, Boninger ML, Souza AL, Fitzgerald SG, Koontz AM, Cooper RA. Biomechanics and strength of manual wheelchair users. J Spinal Cord Med. 2005;28(5):407–414; doi: 10.1080/10790268.2005.11753840.
22.
Bjerkefors A, Thorstensson A. Effects of kayak ergometer training on motor performance in paraplegics. Int J Sports Med. 2006;27(10):824–829; doi: 10.1055/s-2005-872970.
23.
Wang YT, Chen S, Limroongreungrat W, Change L-S. Contributions of selected fundamental factors to wheelchair basketball performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(1):130–137; doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000150076.36706.b2.
24.
Ahmadi S, Uchida MC, Gutierrez GL. Physical performance tests in male and female sitting volleyball players: pilot study of Brazilian national team. Asian J Sports Med. 2019;10(2):e85984; doi: 10.5812/asjsm.85984.
25.
Tabęcki R, Kosmol A, Mastalerz A. Effects of strength training on physical capacities of the disabled with cervical spine injuries. Hum Mov. 2009;10(2):126–129; doi: 10.2478/v10038-009-0020-4.
26.
Tweedy SM, Vanlandewijck YC. International Paralympic Committee position stand – background and scientific principles of classification in Paralympic sport. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(4):259–269; doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.065060.
27.
Tsiros MD, Grimshaw PN, Shield AJ, Buckley JD. The Biodex isokinetic dynamometer for knee strength assessment in children: advantages and limitations. Work. 2011;39(2):161–167; doi: 10.3233/WOR-2011-1162.
28.
Ahmadi S, Gutierrez GL, Uchida MC. Asymmetry in glenohumeral muscle strength of sitting volleyball players: an isokinetic profile of shoulder rotations strength. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020;60(3):395–401; doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.19.10144-2.
29.
De Castro MP, Ruschel C, Santos GM, Ferreira T, Pierri CAA, Roesler H. Isokinetic hip muscle strength: a systematic review of normative data. Sports Biomech. 2020;19(1):26–54; doi: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1464594.
30.
Whiting P, Rutjes AWS, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PMM, Kleijnen J. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2003;3:25; doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-3-25.
31.
Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52(6):377–384; doi: 10.1136/jech.52.6.377.
32.
Silva A, Zanca G, Alves ES, de Aquino Lemos V, Gávea SA, Winckler C, et al. Isokinetic assessment and musculoskeletal complaints in Paralympic athletes: a longitudinal study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;94(10):768–774; doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000244.
33.
Santos SS, Alonso AC, Greve JMD. Quantitative evaluation of trunk muscle strength in wheelchair basketball players. Motriz. 2016;22(2):69–72; doi: 10.1590/S1980-6574201600020009.
34.
Santos SS, Krishnan C, Alonso AS, Greve JMD. Trunk function correlates positively with wheelchair basketball player classification. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;96(2):101–108; doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000548.
35.
Antunes D, Rossato M, Kons RL, Sakugawa RL, Fischer G. Neuromuscular features in sprinters with cerebral palsy: case studies based on Paralympic classification. J Exerc Rehabil. 2017;13(6):716–721; doi: 10.12965/jer.1735112.556.
36.
Machado F, Correia RF, Ribeiro AN, Neto SRS , Vieira IB, Gorla JI. Isokinetic peak of torque and fatigue index in simulated wheelchair propulsion in elite wheelchair rugby players. Man Ther Posturology Rehabil J. 2018;16:564; doi: 10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2018.16.564.
37.
De Groot S, Dallmeijer AJ, Bessems PJC, Lamberts ML, van der Woude LHV, Janssen TWJ. Comparison of muscle strength, sprint power and aerobic capacity in adults with and without cerebral palsy. J Rehabil Med. 2012;44(11):932–938; doi: 10.2340/16501977-1037.
38.
De Groot S, Janssen TWJ, Evers M, Van der Luijt P, Nienhuys KNG, Dallmeijer AJ. Feasibility and reliability of measuring strength, sprint power, and aerobic capacity in athletes and non-athletes with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54(7):647–653; doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04261.x.
39.
Uzun S, Pourmoghaddam A, Hieronymus M, Thrasher TA. Evaluation of muscle fatigue of wheelchair basketball players with spinal cord injury using recurrence quantification analysis of surface EMG. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(11):3847–3857; doi: 10.1007/s00421-012-2358-0.
40.
Miyahara M, Sleivert GG, Gerrard DF. The relationship of strength and muscle balance to shoulder pain and impingement syndrome in elite quadriplegic wheelchair rugby players. Int J Sports Med. 1998;19(3):210–214; doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971906.
41.
Martin HJ, Yule V, Syddall HE, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Aihie Sayer A. Is hand-held dynamometry useful for the measurement of quadriceps strength in older people? A comparison with the gold standard Biodex dynamometry. Gerontology. 2006;52(3):154–159; doi: 10.1159/000091824.
42.
Page SJ, O’Connor EA, Wayda VK. Exploring competitive orientation in a group of athletes participating in the 1996 Paralympic trials. Percept Motor Skills. 2000;91(2):491–502; doi: 10.2466/pms.2000.91.2.491.
| eISSN: | 1899-1955 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
